Fundamentals of Computer Engineering
ELEC 220
Combine CS and EE to design and implement an optimized computing system.
- the processor gets instructions and data from the memory
- input writes data to the memory
- output reads data from the memory
- control sends the signal that determind the operations of the…
- datapath, which does computations
History §
Babbage §
- diff engine
- George Scheutz
- analytical engine
- Scheutz
Binary §
Unsigned binary integers §
2’s complement signed integers §
MSB is the sign bit.
range: to
Overflow §
- sum requires more bits than the input data width
- and
Sign extension §
move 2’s complement signed int from smaller to larger container: replicate the sign to the left
Floating Points §
- normalized
- not normalized
IEEE 754-1985 standard.
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single precision — 32 bits
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double precision — 64 bits
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sign (1 bit)
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exponent (8 vs 11 bits)
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fraction (23 vs 52 bits)
special cases
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subnormal/denormal numbers.
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literally
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NaN aka Not a Number.
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Memory §
Byte ordering §
- Big Endian — LSB has highest address
- Little Endian — LSB has lowest address
Addresses, data.
- : Kibibyte (KiB)
- : Mebibyte (Mib)
- …